vela

Frontier · early-AD biomarker calibration

What does it take to calibrate fluid and imaging biomarkers against clinical decline in early Alzheimer's disease?

A young, bounded second frontier. One methodological scope anchor plus eight reviewer-grade draft findings drawn from foundational papers. Cross-frontier bridges to the anti-amyloid translation frontier and the BBB child frontier. Every finding stays a draft until a reviewer promotes it.

Source dossier.

Ten foundational sources span trial outcome anchors, imaging-biomarker calibration, fluid-biomarker calibration, and the vascular bridge to the BBB child frontier. Every entry is fetched and cached deterministically; reruns hit the local cache and do not re-download.

  • Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer's Disease
    doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2212948 · Christopher H. van Dyck et al., New England Journal of Medicine (2023) · abstract gated; metadata only
    Primary trial anchor: CDR-SB change at 18 months under monoclonal antibody intervention vs placebo in early AD.
  • Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease
    doi:10.1001/jama.2023.13239 · John R. Sims et al., JAMA (2023)
    Second primary trial anchor with iADRS as primary outcome; biomarker-stratified subgroup analysis (low/medium tau).
  • Discriminative Accuracy of Plasma Phospho-tau217 for Alzheimer Disease vs Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
    doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12134 · Sebastian Palmqvist et al., JAMA (2020) · abstract gated; metadata only
    Diagnostic-biomarker calibration: plasma p-tau217 discrimination accuracy against amyloid PET reference.
  • The Centiloid Project: standardizing quantitative amyloid plaque estimation by PET
    pmid:25443857 · William E. Klunk et al., Alzheimer's & Dementia (2015)
    Imaging-biomarker calibration anchor: Centiloid scale enables cross-tracer/cross-cohort comparability.
  • Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction
    pmid:30643288 · Daniel A. Nation et al., Nature Medicine (2019)
    Vascular calibration anchor: hippocampal BBB Ktrans (DCE-MRI) elevated in early cognitive impairment independent of amyloid/tau.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease
    pmid:20157306 · Kaj Blennow et al., Nature Reviews Neurology (2010)
    Foundational review: CSF Aβ42, t-tau, p-tau diagnostic and longitudinal performance baseline against which later biomarkers were calibrated.
  • Two Phase 3 Trials of Gantenerumab in Early Alzheimer's Disease
    doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2304430 · Randall J. Bateman et al., New England Journal of Medicine (2023) · abstract gated; metadata only
    Negative-trial calibration: amyloid lowering achieved without CDR-SB benefit; informs the bound of where biomarker movement does not predict clinical effect.
  • CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease concord with amyloid-β PET and predict clinical progression
    doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.010 · Oskar Hansson et al., Alzheimer's & Dementia (2018)
    Cross-modality calibration: BioFINDER + ADNI cohorts; CSF Aβ42/40 ratio concordance with amyloid PET reference and clinical progression prediction.
  • Amyloid and tau PET-positive cognitively unimpaired individuals are at high short-term risk of cognitive decline
    doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02049-x · Rik Ossenkoppele et al., Nature Medicine (2022)
    Pre-symptomatic prognostic calibration: A+T+ in cognitively unimpaired predicts short-term decline; anchors the early-AD population definition for AHEAD/A4 strata.
  • Time course of phosphorylated-tau181 in blood across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum
    doi:10.1093/brain/awaa399 · Alexis Moscoso et al., Brain (2020)
    Temporal calibration: plasma p-tau181 trajectory across the AD continuum from cognitively unimpaired through dementia stages.
  • A Study to Confirm Safety and Efficacy of Lecanemab in Participants With Early Alzheimer's Disease
    nct:NCT03887455 · ClinicalTrials.gov et al., ClinicalTrials.gov (PHASE3) (2019)
    Trial registry anchor for clarity_ad: enrollment criteria, CDR-SB primary endpoint definition, and 18-month treatment duration that the published readout reports against.
  • A Study of Donanemab (LY3002813) in Participants With Early Alzheimer's Disease (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2)
    nct:NCT04437511 · ClinicalTrials.gov et al., ClinicalTrials.gov (PHASE3) (2020)
    Trial registry anchor for trailblazer_alz_2: tau-PET stratification design and iADRS endpoint definition that the published readout reports against.
  • Clinical Trial of Solanezumab for Older Individuals Who May be at Risk for Memory Loss
    nct:NCT02008357 · ClinicalTrials.gov et al., ClinicalTrials.gov (PHASE3) (2014)
    Pre-symptomatic enrollment anchor: A+ cognitively unimpaired population definition that complements ossenkoppele_tau_pet for early-AD population strata.
  • A Donanemab (LY3002813) Study in Participants With Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 3)
    nct:NCT05026866 · ClinicalTrials.gov et al., ClinicalTrials.gov (PHASE3) (2021)
    Preclinical-AD anti-amyloid registry anchor: extends the trailblazer_alz_2 anchor into the preclinical stratum that ossenkoppele_tau_pet defines.
  • Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network Trial: A Study of Potential Disease Modifying Treatments in Individuals at Risk for or With a Type of Early Onset Alzheimer's Disease Caused by a Genetic Mutation. Master Protocol DIAN-TU-001
    nct:NCT01760005 · ClinicalTrials.gov et al., ClinicalTrials.gov (PHASE2) (2012)
    Autosomal-dominant AD platform trial anchor: biomarker-driven adaptive design in mutation carriers; bounds the genetic-risk stratum against the sporadic late-onset population the other anchors enroll.

Read the dossier at sources/source-dossier.md .

Findings, by impact.

Each row is a draft finding. The cross-frontier link count is the number of typed dependency links to anti-amyloid or BBB child findings. A reviewer's promote-to-accepted-core decision lives in /review/promote/{finding_id} on the local Workbench.

  • vf_439b33c0ec425686 · accepted · 3 cross-frontier
    Hippocampal blood-brain barrier breakdown measured by DCE-MRI Ktrans is elevated in individuals with early cognitive dysfunction independent of amyloid and tau status, supporting BBB permeability as an early-stage biomarker of cognitive dec...
  • vf_84ebd5a5ef97eba6 · accepted · 2 cross-frontier
    Donanemab efficacy on iADRS at 76 weeks is larger in the low or medium tau pathology stratum (LSM difference 3.25, 95% CI 1.88-4.62) than in the combined low/medium plus high tau population (LSM difference 2.92, 95% CI 1.51-4.33), supportin...
  • vf_1731753d816fb7d0 · accepted · 1 cross-frontier
    In TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2, donanemab slowed CDR-SB progression by 0.67 points at 76 weeks vs placebo in early symptomatic Alzheimer disease participants with low or medium tau pathology (CDR-SB difference -0.67, 95% CI -0.95 to -0.40, P<.001).
  • vf_572f67e17d14dd9b · accepted · 1 cross-frontier
    The minimum clinically important difference (MCID) for CDR-SB in early Alzheimer disease serves as the calibration anchor for biomarker-to-clinical-decline mapping in this frontier; biomarker movements are evaluated against this threshold r...
  • vf_30c1be51b40e4c81 · accepted · 0 cross-frontier
    Plasma p-tau181 rises across the Alzheimer disease continuum from cognitively unimpaired through symptomatic stages, with elevation appearing before clinical symptom onset and tracking the spatiotemporal progression of AD-characteristic pat...
  • vf_3f801642feaf736a · accepted · 0 cross-frontier
    Cognitively unimpaired individuals positive for both amyloid and tau on PET (A+T+) are at substantially elevated short-term risk of cognitive decline and progression to mild cognitive impairment compared to A+T- and A-T- individuals.
  • vf_8b47d4846c86bc8f · accepted · 0 cross-frontier
    The Centiloid Project standardizes quantitative amyloid PET measures across tracers and centers by anchoring the scale to 0 (typical young controls) and 100 (typical Alzheimer disease), enabling cross-tracer and cross-cohort comparability o...
  • vf_8f2d8f546976dcb3 · accepted · 0 cross-frontier
    Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau form the foundational fluid biomarker triad for Alzheimer disease, with detection of disease-related changes possible years before clinical symptom onset.
  • vf_fe811725a53f0ed9 · accepted · 0 cross-frontier
    Fully automated Elecsys CSF assays of amyloid-β1-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau ratios concord with amyloid PET reference status across BioFINDER (n=277) and ADNI (n=646) cohorts and predict clinical progression in mild cognitive imp...

Cross-frontier bridges.

The frontier declares dependencies on the anti-amyloid translation frontier and the BBB child frontier; typed links from local findings reference target findings on those peers by vf_id@vfr_id. The deps live in frontier.yaml under dependencies.frontiers_v2 (a v0.59 schema addition that fixed the split-repo loader gap).

  • anti-amyloid-translation · vfr_5076e7b3ff8e6b0f
    snapshot b1ecc2128a5e813d…
    locator file:///Users/williamblair/personal/vela/projects/anti-amyloid-translation/frontier.json
  • alzheimers-bbb-dysfunction-delivery · vfr_bbbd20260507c001
    snapshot 18fd3dbabd0e08e9…
    locator file:///Users/williamblair/personal/vela/projects/alzheimers-bbb-dysfunction-delivery/frontier.json

7 typed cross-frontier links land between the local findings and the two peer frontiers. Linked targets cover the MCID-for-CDR-SB scope anchor in anti-amyloid, the anti-amyloid efficacy/safety meta-analysis, the pericyte-deficiency mechanism in the BBB child, the BBB-AD biomarker interaction analysis, and the DCE-MRI BBB leakage spatial pattern. A reviewer promotes those links to accepted-core when the underlying findings are themselves promoted.

Reproduce.

# Re-run the full pipeline offline against the materialized frontier:
./scripts/build-early-ad-impact-examples.sh

# Re-fetch the source dossier (cache-first; no network unless --refresh):
for ident in $(jq -r '.sources[].identifier' projects/early-ad-biomarker-calibration/sources/source-dossier.v0.1.json); do
  vela source-fetch "$ident" --cache projects/early-ad-biomarker-calibration --json > /dev/null
done

# Inspect a single finding's impact:
vela impact projects/early-ad-biomarker-calibration vf_1731753d816fb7d0 --json

Status.

This frontier is at the seed-and-bridge stage. The next review wave promotes some draft findings to accepted-core through the local Workbench, declares additional bridges, and writes an review/review-packet.v1.json with the verdict trail. The substrate is doctrine-clean: vela check --strict reports proof_readiness: needs_review because no finding has been promoted yet, which is the honest state for a frontier with no reviewed verdicts.

Inspect the repo at projects/early-ad-biomarker-calibration/ .